Study: Increasing Physical Activity over 6 Years Enough to Lower Risk of Heart Failure

Increasing physical activity to recommended levels over as few as 6 years in middle age is associated with a decreased risk of heart failure, according to a study published recently in the journal Circulation. The same study found that as little as six years without physical activity in middle age was linked to an increased risk of the disorder.

Six years of exercise, or lack of it, may be enough to change heart failure risk. Image credit: Skeeze.

Six years of exercise, or lack of it, may be enough to change heart failure risk. Image credit: Skeeze.

Unlike heart attack, in which heart muscle dies, heart failure is marked by a long-term, chronic inability of the heart to pump enough blood, or pump it hard enough, to bring needed oxygen to the body.

The leading cause of hospitalizations in those over 65, the disorder’s risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking and a family history.

“The population of people with heart failure is growing because people are living longer and surviving heart attacks and other forms of heart disease,” said Dr. Roberta Florido, from the Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.

“Unlike other heart disease risk factors like high blood pressure or high cholesterol, we don’t have specifically effective drugs to prevent heart failure, so we need to identify and verify effective strategies for prevention and emphasize these to the public.”

“There are drugs used to treat heart failure, such as beta blockers and ACE inhibitors, but they are essentially ‘secondary’ prevention drugs, working to reduce the heart’s workload after dysfunction is already there.”

“Several studies suggest that in general people who are more physically active have lower risks of heart failure than those who are less active, but little was known about the impact of changes in exercise levels over time on heart failure risk.”

“For example, if you are sedentary most of your life but then start exercising in middle age, does that decrease your risk of heart failure? Or, if you are active much of your life but then stop being active at middle age, will that increase your risk?”

To address those questions, Dr. Florido and co-authors used data already gathered from 11,351 participants (average age was 60 years, 57% were women, and most were either white or African-American) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, recruited from 1987 to 1989.

The participants were monitored annually for an average of 19 years for cardiovascular disease events such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure using telephone interviews, hospital records and death certificates/

In addition to those measures, at the first and third ARIC study visits (six years apart), each participant filled out a questionnaire, which asked them to evaluate their physical activity levels, which were then categorized as poor, intermediate or ‘recommended,’ in alignment with guidelines issued by the American Heart Association.

The ‘recommended’ amount is at least 75 min per week of vigorous intensity or at least 150 min per week of moderate intensity exercise. One to 74 min per week of vigorous intensity or one to 149 min per week of moderate exercise per week counted as intermediate level activity. And physical activity qualified as ‘poor’ if there was no exercise at all.

After the third visit, 42% of participants (4,733 people) said they performed recommended levels of exercise; 23% (2,594 people) said they performed intermediate levels; and 35% (4,024 people) said they had poor levels of activity. From the first to the third visit over about six years, 24% of participants increased their physical activity, 22% decreased it and 54% stayed in the same category.

Those with recommended activity levels at both the first and third visits showed the highest associated heart failure risk decrease, at 31% compared with those with consistently poor activity levels.

Heart failure risk decreased by about 12% in the 2,702 participants who increased their physical activity category from poor to intermediate or recommended, or from intermediate to recommended, compared with those with consistently poor or intermediate activity ratings.

Conversely, heart failure risk increased by 18% in the 2,530 participants who reported decreased physical activity from visit one to visit three, compared with those with consistently recommended or intermediate activity levels.

Next, the team determined how much of an increase in exercise, among those initially doing no exercise, was needed to reduce the risk of future heart failure.

Exercise was calculated as METs (metabolic equivalents), where one MET is 1 kilocalorie per kilogram per hour. Essentially, sitting watching television is 1 MET, fast walking is 3 METs, jogging is 7 METs and jumping rope is 10 METs.

The researchers calculated outcomes in METs times the number of minutes of exercise.

They found that each 750 MET minutes per week increase in exercise over six years reduced heart failure risk by 16%. And each 1,000 MET minutes per week increase in exercise was linked to a reduction in heart failure risk by 21%.

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Roberta Florido et al. Six-Year Changes in Physical Activity and the Risk of Incident Heart Failure: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation, published online January 31, 2018; doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030226

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